Psycho- Neuro- Immunology (PNI) - An Overview. Psycho- Neuro- Immunology (PNI) – An Overview. By Grant Soosalu, Psychologist and NLP Practitioner. How Our Thoughts and Emotions Affect Our Health. Our thoughts and emotions influence our immune system and vice- versa. Research in the field of Psycho- Neuro- Immunology (PNI) over the last 3. There is now a huge body of published evidence documenting at the neurological and biochemical level, how states of mind such as anxiety, depression and anger affect the functioning of immune cells – T- cells, B- cells, Natural Killer cells, and macrophages. The communication and control pathways exist both ways. For example, the nervous system directly synapses down onto immune cells in the lymph nodes. Perspectives on psycho-neuro-immunology in oncology Nandini Vallath Department of Anaesthesiology, St. John's National Academy of Medical Sciences, Bangalore - 560. In return, there are receptors in the brain for communication chemicals such as hormones, peptides and cytokines that are released by immune cells. The brain and immune systems are an intertwined complex system. What affects one, affects the other. To illustrate this, let’s look at the results of a classic experiment on the immune effects of emotion. Researchers asked method actors to simulate either positive emotions like happiness or negative emotions like anger and depression. Immune system function was measured before, during and after short period of emotional expression. The results showed that positive emotions caused a measurable and significant increase in immune cell function and activity. More importantly however, negative emotions had both a larger and longer lasting negative effect on the immune system. Negative emotions cause a down- regulation in immune cell and system functioning that can last for many hours after the emotional event. Other experiments have shown that the effect can also work in reverse. When the immune system is under attack from a pathogen like a flu virus or cold, it releases messenger molecules that cause a down- regulation in mood. It’s our body’s way of getting us to conserve energy, to remove ourself from others, to allow our immune system to get on with the job of protecting us.
Whenever we are physically run- down or have a decreased immune function we will find ourself feeling slightly depressed and unhappy. There are numerous documented cases of people using a mixture of humour, visualisation and meditation to overcome debilitating diseases such as cancer. Norman Cousins is a famous example. In the mid- 1. 96. Almost completely paralysed and given only a few months to live, Cousins ordered himself checked out of hospital and moved into a hotel room where he began taking extremely high doses of laughter and humour. He literally laughed his way back to health, and eventually returned to full- time work and a normal life. Cousins detailed his amazing journey in his book “Anatomy of an Illness”. Here are some more fascinating results from recent research on the interaction between health and happiness. Psycho-Neuro-Immunology (PNI) – An Overview By Grant Soosalu, Psychologist and NLP Practitioner. How Our Thoughts and Emotions Affect Our Health.People who score high on psychological tests assessing happiness, produce about 5. Individuals that test high on scales for happiness, optimism and contentment have reduced risk of cardiovascular disease, hypertension and infections. Researchers found that subjects who practiced acts of happiness and gratitude had raised energy levels, improved physical health and experienced less fatigue and pain. One important study found that optimistic individuals reduced their risk of death by 5. The main message and insight from these examples and the field of PNI is that your health, thoughts and emotions are interdependent and entwined. The more happiness and joy you feel, the better your immune system will respond. The greater your health, the more life enhancing positive feelings of joy and happiness you’ll be able to experience. There really is wisdom in the saying “a healthy mind in a healthy body”. The Body- Mind Health Spiral – Our mind and body are connected in a loop – thoughts, feelings, beliefs and health influence each other! Awareness Questions – Focusing on Health and Wellness. Ask Yourself: What are my beliefs about my health? Do I believe I can easily achieve health and wellness? What are the behaviours that I do that negatively impact my health? How can I stop them? What behaviours can I do that will improve my health and wellness? How can I support myself for greater health and wellness? Contact us to have an obligation free discussion about how you can easily and permanently move beyond your illness and return to health and wellness.
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People tend to get motion sickness on a moving: Boat. Train. Airplane. Car. Amusement park rides It usually stops as soon as the motion stops. Although motion sickness is fairly common, and often only a nuisance, it may cause problems for people who travel a lot. Fortunately, the more you travel, the more you get used to the motion. There are also things you can do to reduce the chance of getting motion sickness. Signs and Symptoms. The most common signs and symptoms of motion sickness include: Nausea. Pale skin. Cold sweats. Information about motion sickness (car sickness, sea sickness, air sickness) remedies and medications such as antihistamines, anticholinergics, antidopaminergics. Motion sickness is a term that describes an unpleasant combination of symptoms. Prevent motion sickness: One Transderm Sc. You should not drink alcohol while using Transderm Scop Vomiting. Dizziness. Headache. Increased salivation. Fatigue. Causes. Motion sickness happens when the body, the inner ear, and the eyes send conflicting signals to the brain. This most often happens when you are in a car, boat, or airplane, but it may also happen on flight simulators or amusement park rides. From inside a ship's cabin, your inner ear may sense rolling motions that your eyes cannot see. On the other hand, your eyes may see movement on a . Even viewing a 3. D movie may cause symptoms of motion sickness. Once a person gets used to the movement and the motion stops, symptoms may come back (although usually only briefly). Sometimes just thinking about movement can cause anxiety and symptoms of motion sickness. For example, a person who had motion sickness before might get nauseous on an airplane before take off. Risk Factors. The following are the most common risk factors for motion sickness: Riding in a car, boat, airplane, or space shuttle. Young age, children ages 2 to 1. Motion sickness is the term attributed to physiologic responses of the. Motion sickness: advances in pathogenesis. Motion sickness (also known as car, sea. These drugs also should not be taken with alcohol, sleep aids, sedatives. Being prone to nausea or vomiting. Higher level of fear or anxiety. Poor ventilation in the vehicle. Compare risks and benefits of common medications used for Motion Sickness. Find the most popular drugs, view ratings. Interacts with Alcohol. Motion sickness occurs when people feel dizzy or nauseated because the motion their body senses and the motion their eyes perceive are not synchronized. Some people are particularly sensitive to certain kinds of motion. Symptoms of motion sickness. Slipping alcohol or drugs into a. This skin patch is used to prevent nausea and vomiting caused by motion sickness or recovery from anesthesia and surgery. This medication works by correcting the. Scopolamine Transdermal Patch: learn about. Scopolamine is used to prevent nausea and vomiting caused by motion sickness. Alcohol increases the side effects. Sitting in the back seat or where you cannot see out the window. Pregnancy Diagnosis. Your doctor will ask about your symptoms and find out what usually causes the problem, such as riding in a boat, flying in a plane, or driving in car. Your doctor does not usually need laboratory tests to make a diagnosis. Preventive Care. There are several ways you can try to prevent motion sickness: Sit in the front seat in a car. Keep your eyes on the horizon. DO NOT read. Rest your head against the seat back, to keep it still. Turn the air vents toward your face. DO NOT smoke If you have motion sickness on a plane, try these tips: Avoid big, greasy meals and alcohol the night before air travel. Eat light meals or snacks that are low in calories in the 2. Avoid salty foods and dairy products before you travel. Sit toward the front of the aircraft or in a seat over the wing. Turn the air vent flow toward your face. If you have motion sickness on a boat, try these tips: Ask for a cabin on the upper deck or toward the front of the ship. When on deck, keep your eyes fixed on the horizon or land. Treatment. You can use medication to control your symptoms, but people who travel often may want to learn to control, and prevent, symptoms. Mind- body practices, such as cognitive- behavioral therapy and biofeedback, may help. Other alternatives include: Homeopathy. Acupuncture. Dietary supplements. Changes to your diet. Physical exercise Medications. Medications for motion sickness may cause drowsiness. Pilots, ship crew members, or anyone operating heavy equipment or driving a car should not take them. These medications may help: Scopolamine (Transderm Scop): most commonly prescribed medication for motion sickness. You have to take it before symptoms start. It comes in patch form to put behind your ear 6 to 8 hours before travel. The effects last up to 3 days. Side effects may include dry mouth, drowsiness, blurred vision, and disorientation. Promethazine (Phenergan): take 2 hours before travel. The effects last 6 to 8 hours. Side effects include drowsiness and dry mouth. Cyclizine (Marezine): works best when taken at least 3. It is not recommended for children younger than 6, and side effects are similar to scopolamine. Dimenhydrinate (Dramamine): take every 4 to 8 hours. Side effects are similar to scopolamine. Meclizine (Bonine): works best when taken 1 hour before travel. It is not recommended for children under 1. Side effects include drowsiness and dry mouth. Nutrition and Dietary Supplements. A comprehensive treatment plan to treat motion sickness may include a range of complementary and alternative therapies. Ask your team of health care providers about the best ways to incorporate these therapies into your overall treatment plan. Always tell your provider about the herbs and supplements you are using or considering using. Following these nutritional tips may help reduce symptoms: Avoid spicy, greasy, or fatty meals. DO NOT overeat. Drink plenty of water. Dry crackers and carbonated sodas (such as ginger ale) help some people avoid nausea. People who tend to have motion sickness may want to eat small, frequent meals. Herbs. Herbs may strengthen and tone the body's systems. As with any therapy, you should work with your provider before starting any treatment. You may use herbs as dried extracts (capsules, powders, teas), glycerites (glycerine extracts), or tinctures (alcohol extracts). Unless otherwise indicated, make teas with 1 tsp. Drink 2 to 4 cups per day. You may use tinctures alone or in combination as noted. Ginger (Zingiber officinale): 2. Ginger is a traditional remedy for nausea, and some studies show it may help with motion sickness. Other studies have found it does not work, however. Ginger may increase the risk of bleeding, especially if you also take blood- thinners such warfarin (Coumadin), clopidogrel (Plavix), or aspirin. If you have a heart condition, talk to your doctor before taking ginger. Peppermint (Mentha piperita): 1 enteric- coated tablet, 2 to 3 times daily as needed. You may also make a tea from the leaf. Peppermint can interact with some medications. Ask your doctor before taking it. Black horehound (Ballotta nigra): 1 to 2 ml as a tincture or 1 to 2 tsp. This is a traditional remedy for motion sickness, but no scientific studies have been done to see if it works. Black horehound can interact with Parkinson medications, and may be harmful to some people with Parkinson or Schizophrenia. Acupuncture. Some studies suggest that acupressure may help reduce symptoms of motion sickness in the same way as acupuncture, although the findings are inconclusive. An acupressure practitioner works with the same points used in acupuncture, but uses finger pressure rather than needles. Acupressure bands are available commercially to help prevent motion sickness. Studies suggest these bands may help delay the onset of symptoms. Traditionally, the acupuncture point known as Pericardium 6 is said to help relieve nausea. It is on the inside of the wrist, about the length of 2 fingernails up the arm from the center of the wrist crease. Many travel stores sell wrist bands with built- in buttons that apply acupressure to this point. Homeopathy. Few studies have examined the effectiveness of specific homeopathic remedies. A professional homeopath, however, may recommend one or more of the following treatments for motion sickness based on their knowledge and clinical experience. Before prescribing a remedy, homeopaths take into account a person's constitutional type, includes your physical, emotional, and intellectual makeup. An experienced homeopath assesses all of these factors when determining the most appropriate remedy for a particular individual. Borax: for nausea caused by downward motions, such as landing in an airplane. Cocculus: the primary treatment for motion sickness, particularly if nausea and vertigo or other type of dizziness are present. Nux vomica: for motion sickness accompanied by headache, nausea, and ringing in the ears. Petroleum: for dizziness and nausea that occur when riding in a car or boat. Sepia: for motion sickness brought on by reading while in a moving vehicle. Tabacum: for motion sickness with severe nausea and vomiting There are . Although a classically trained homeopath may frown upon such combinations, some find them easier and effective for home use. Mind- Body Medicine. Biofeedback Training and Relaxation. In a study of 5. 5 pilots who had to stop flying due to motion sickness, 7. The pilots sat in a tilting, rotating chair to bring on motion sickness, while biofeedback instruments recorded skin temperature and changes in muscle tension. The pilots used relaxation techniques, such as deep muscle relaxation and mental imagery, while in the chair. Over time, the pilots got used to the rotating chair and no longer felt sick as they learned to relax. Cognitive Behavioral Therapy. Cognitive behavioral therapy is used to reduce the anxiety, some people simply develop symptoms just be thinking about movement or motion sickness. In a study of 5. 0 pilots who occasionally had motion sickness, 8. During this therapy, people are slowly exposed to a situation that causes motion sickness until they have some symptoms, but not until the symptoms become overwhelming. As they get used to the movement, they build confidence and their anxiety goes down. Breathing Techniques. In a study of 4. 6 people with motion sickness, those who took slow, deep breaths had fewer symptoms than those who breathed normally or counted their breaths. Rapid and shallow breathing often makes symptoms of motion sickness worse. While it makes sense that slow, deeper breathing would help lower anxiety, more studies are needed to see whether breathing techniques really help reduce other symptoms. Other Considerations. Prognosis and Complications. Although motion sickness usually goes away after the motion stops and causes no lasting harm, it can be devastating for people whose jobs involve constant movement, such as a: Flight attendant. Pilot. Astronaut. Ship crew member People who do not travel often may get used to movement during a trip lasting several days. Even those who travel often may find that symptoms get better as they are more often exposed to motion. However, people who get anxious before a journey often have worsened symptoms of motion sickness. 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Parking at the V& A Waterfront You can park in any of the garages for only R1. Shop Discount Ramps to find the largest selection of hitch motorcycle carriers, haulers, and racks. Aluminum and steel models available with capacities up to 1,000 lbs. As the title states I'm the proud owner of a hitchhiker sidecar. It's a 91 single seater and in great condition. We had problems with it working too good and locking up and had to install an adjustable proportioning valve. TLE/TLE-ULTRA SIDECAR ATTACHMENT KIT GENERAL TLE and TLE-Ultra sidecars can only be installed on Touring Model family motorcycles. Install clutch cable fitting into clutch release cover. Refer to the service manual. Get a Kozi motorcycle sidecar and start riding together! A motorcycle sidecar is a comfortable, convenient recreation vehicle for your journey . Its classic good looks fit on a variety of motorcycles on the road today. You search Auto repair manual PDF hitchhiker sidecar, if there are search results will appear below. Install wheel according to the sidecar service manual. 1945-1957 AJS Pitmans Installaiton.And while style is important, we know that when you. Kozi's solid, all- steel construction is lightweight but stable for a smooth, comfortable ride. And best of all, Kozi is perhaps the best value in the side car market today. Dollar for dollar, Kozi gives you more of the features you need to start riding together. This item has been shown 0 times. Hitchhiker Sidecar Owners Manual Motorcycle: $12. 44 page Hitchhiker Sidecar owners manual. Part I is a reprint of original sidecar installation instructions and tells how to assemble sidecar. Budgeting lies at the foundation of every financial plan. It doesn’t matter if you’re living paycheck to paycheck or earning six-figures a year, you need to know. Researching your budgeting software options can be overwhelming if you’re just getting started. I believe that whatever is the most easily executable. Best Free Program For BudgetingZero-based budgeting can be accomplished using a budget worksheet, budget software, or our free budget app. Start budget planning today! Reviews 'William West has advanced our field by providing a sober assessment of the record of program and performance budgeting in federal agencies. The Wallace Foundation is a national philanthropy that seeks to improve learning and enrichment for disadvantaged children and foster. Program Budgeting Works in Nonprofit Institutions. Professionals in nonprofit service organizations have long resisted the inauguration of cost accounting concepts (in many instances with good reason), but their resistance is breaking down in the face of supporters. Often, however, the well- intentioned management and trustees of an institution do not know how to begin introducing cost accountability and program budgeting to their operation. In this article the author . The same principles, he says, are applicable to other nonprofit professional activities. A minor aspect of the honorable tradition of eleemosynary activity has been that you could not, and did not need to, account for the cost of services being provided. You could not because they were qualitative and intangible; you did not need to because funds were provided by gifts, grants, endowments, and so on. Computer Program For Budgeting MoneyFor the last several years this tradition has been called increasingly into question as the desire for cost information and accountability grows and as the control bases for cost accounting come more and more into focus. However, there has not been much recorded practical experience on which to judge the utility of cost accounting in institutional management. This article is a record of one such practical experience. It is written for businessmen who, as trustees or directors of institutions, find themselves as frustrated as I was at the inability of some administrators to deal effectively with costs or even to keep track of what was happening financially. I hope it encourages them with the thought that it can be done. Program cost accounting is in its third year of functioning at the South Shore Mental Health Center in Quincy, Massachusetts, a community agency with about 1. The agency derives its funds from a variety of sources for a variety of reasons; its professional staff is employed on a variety of terms, and there is no objective or numerical measure of the value of its diversified services. It therefore has most of the cost accounting problems of nonprofit organizations. The first two of the following sections are written for those who are not familiar with either cost accounting or program budgeting. Both are essential to understanding the utility of program cost accounting. Anyone who knows these subjects should skip to the point in the article where I describe how we put them to use. It begins with the section, . It is also used to determine the cost of services or activities. While this incentive is not present in nonprofit institutions, cost accounting has at least these three other important purposes: efficiency and cost control, planning and allocating resources of people and funds, and . If you know how much it costs to do something under optimum conditions and if you can measure the output of that something fairly accurately, then you can determine actual costs per unit of output and keep track of how efficiently the job is being done. Of course, you have to be careful that cost saving is achieved without sacrificing quality of output. This is the reason why many institutions have felt that cost accounting is a bad influence. They say that the quality of service is too precious and fragile to be subjected to the pressure of cost accountability and to the drive for efficiency. Clerical and record- keeping operations, library services, nursing services, and storekeeping are examples of operations involving clearly defined results and enough labor to make worthwhile the effort of directing them efficiently. Food service is another good example. A meal is either served and eaten, or it is not, and the size of portions and nutritional value can be measured and controlled. Most maintenance activities can be quite clearly defined and the standard of quality made explicit. It is possible, for instance, to determine the optimum time for mowing a lawn, clearing a drain, making a bed, or repairing a boiler. For the most part, these estimates are used to schedule tasks and monitor performance, but they can easily be converted into dollar costs, when there is reason to do so. So- called . Sensibly used, they need not be. It can be far more satisfying to work toward a well- defined and attainable goal than to work under the pressure of a never- ending backlog and an unknown and never- reached standard of excellence. Furthermore, pride in one. Standards should be a sensible way of organizing and carrying out tasks, not a means for applying pressure to reach unnatural levels of performance. Resource allocation: A great deal of planning is done without cost accounting, and a great many institutions survive without planning. It is generally agreed, however, that careful planning and resource allocation are important elements of good management and that precise estimates of costs are necessary for careful planning. Costs can often be gauged accurately enough for use in planning without going through the labor of accounting for actual costs. But there is no better way to verify the accuracy of estimates than to account for actual costs and then to compare them with the estimates. While cost accounting has to be painstakingly accurate to be useful in measuring and controlling efficiency, a much wider range of imprecision is tolerable for planning purposes. A decision to expand a facility or to move in one direction rather than another will probably be affected by a 5. This is why it is useful to cost professional services even though a legitimate respect for professional freedom of action requires acceptance of a substantial probability of inaccuracy. In profit- making enterprises this incentive is obvious. In nonprofit institutions it is becoming obvious as they take on activities for which someone (usually the government) is willing to reimburse them. Medicare is one example. Another is the contract research work that many organizations undertake; cost accounting is at the heart of disputes over whether they are receiving adequate reimbursement. When dollars change hands, accuracy is extremely important to both parties, but it is of a different order from that required for measuring efficiency. If they wish, the two parties to a cost reimbursement contract can agree on completely unrealistic or arbitrary definitions of cost. It is then necessary only to follow these agreements faithfully to obtain satisfactory reimbursement. Usually, the simpler these agreements, the better, however much they may differ from principles of . But continued use of unrealistic cost definitions ultimately makes the recipient of funds dependent on them and forces him to distort his actual experience to fit the reimbursement pattern. Problems in use Associating costs with products or activities is simple enough conceptually, but in practice there are several problems for which there are no very satisfactory answers. The most troublesome of these is what to do about costs that are common to several products or that do not vary with the amount produced. All the alternatives proposed or in use involve some means of prorating these overhead costs, joint costs, or fixed costs. The most common method is to relate these indirect costs to one or more of the direct costs, such as labor hours or labor dollars. Whatever method is employed, users of cost data must keep in mind that the allocation is somewhat arbitrary. Troubles arise when they start thinking of these aggregates as . Plant costs are incurred before use in production, but other costs for which payment may be made in the distant future, such as employee pensions and deferred maintenance, must also be taken into account in determining the cost of current activities. There are many theories concerning which of several methods of depreciation, amortization, or accrual is best and whether and how provisions for technological change and inflation should be made. As with overhead costs, however, all methods make somewhat arbitrary allocations. This tradition is being questioned increasingly as institutional managers try to compare costs of different activities and, particularly, as they find the government and others willing to pay for the . When you make widgets, it is easy enough to figure. In the service sector, providing meals and giving gamma globulin injections are clear- cut units of output. But it is not easy to define a satisfactory . It is useful to know the cost per patient- hour of medical treatment or the cost per student- hour of education, although they are not units of output. The real output here is health or knowledge, and we do not yet know how to measure either well enough. It is important for an organization to have accurate unit cost data for planning and evaluating the use of its resources. It is also important to be careful how the data are used for cost control. The real product could be seriously impaired by an attempt to minimize the cost per hour. Program Budgeting Traditionally, budgeting in institutions has been a purely fiscal function divorced from social service planning. Customarily, about once a year the financial or accounting staff looked at the institution. Sometimes the staff went so far as to ask the professionals what staff they expected to add or subtract, and at what change in cost. The result, the budget, was submitted to the board of trustees. I wonder how many trustees have shared my experience of masking feelings of impotence and ignorance as I solemnly reviewed the lists of figures. From time to time I would ask why a figure differed from the corresponding one a year earlier. If the income did not equal the outgo, I refused to approve the budget. But as soon as the budget was in balance, I approved it, without any real reason for knowing that the year could or should come out that way. The process actually has worked quite well, and I do not mean to suggest that it be abandoned. After all, some sense of financial responsibility is better than none. Something better is available now, however. |
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January 2017
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